Optometrists, Ophthalmologists, Opticians

Clear Vision in the Winter

Think of winter in cold, crisp days and frigid nights, snow covered trees and icy roads, shorter days, longer nights, sleigh bells jingling, studded tires stuttering, and crackling fires in wood stove.

Battling the cold with layers of wool and winter boots is basically religion in our region, but aren’t you forgetting something?? Those cold, windswept days and frosty nights aren’t doing your eyes any favors, in case you haven’t noticed!

Extended exposure to dry, cold air just isn’t that great for your eyes. On top of that, those days when the sun does decide to peak out from behind those overcast winter skies, the UV reflection off the snow can literally be blinding!

Winter Eyes Working Overtime

Just like your body shivers to create heat and warm your body when it’s cold, your eyes are also working overtime to protect themselves in the winter.

Ironically, your eyes can both be watery and dry almost at the same time in the winter. While cold, dry air and brisk winds dry your eyes, your body tries to compensate by overproducing the tears necessary to lubricate the eye and keep it healthy making your eyes feel watery.

Want to give your eyes a hand? It’s a simple as wearing glasses, sunglasses, or goggles depending on what you’re doing. Protecting your eyes from the elements will go a long way towards keeping them hydrated and healthy.

Even while you’re protecting your eyes from the outdoor elements, the dry, heated indoor air in winter is also taking its toll. Help your eyes stay hydrated and healthy with eyedrops and humidifiers whenever you can.

Indoor And Outdoor Vision

We sometimes forget that the sun does shine in the winter and can be even worse for exposed skin and eyes than it is in summer. Nearly 90% of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation reflects off the snow-covered landscape! That UV both poses sunburn risk to any exposed skin and increased eye damage to unprotected eyes. Squinting and blinking is going to do the trick. Your eyes are clearly crying out for sunglasses, so do them a favor!

Ultimately we do spend a bit more time indoors in the winter, which both means that dry, heated air and often extended time staring into screens. Allowing yourself some needed time to decompress and unwind in winter with more sleep can be great for your eyes, but falling to far into that deep blue-light black hole of screens might not be the best idea.

Quality Time, Quality Vision, Quality Eyecare

Winter is about taking advantage of all the quality time outdoors you can only have in the snow, and the kind of downtime that you can only embrace when the sun goes down at 4:30pm.

While leaning into the snow, the slopes, and the sofa, remember to take care of your eyes and make that eye doctor appointment while things are running a little bit slower. Your eyes are still working 24/7!

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Thunderstorms & Seeing Rainbows

Summer, the season when everyone gloriously basks in the sun, soaks up that unparalleled pond life, and runs for cover when those tempestuous summer thunderstorms come barreling through. It’s also a time of rainbows!

Whether or not Pride Month was deliberately meant to be celebrated at the beginning of the rainbow season, that is serendipitously the way it turned out. Those summer sunny rainy days mean rainbows flapping in the summer breeze and arcing across the sky in all their ephemeral brilliance. But what if the rainbows you’re seeing aren’t on flags or fleeting on the horizon, but right there at the center of your vision, and not just in the heart of summer?

The quotidian flag and meteorological rainbows are entirely harmless and often extraordinary, but rainbows in your vision on a daily can be a sign of a serious eye condition.
 

Rainbow Vision

A lot of people will experience brief rainbow vision when exposed to bright lights, but the kind of rainbow vision that doesn’t dissipate relatively quickly or is accompanied by headaches, eye pain, blurred vision, or nausea is generally not something that should be dismissed.

The most common causes of rainbow vision are cataracts, glaucoma, migraines, and corneal edema.

At the top of the list are cataracts. Much like water droplets in the atmosphere create a haze through which sunlight is refracted creating a rainbow across the sky, a cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye causing light to scatter creating rainbow-like halos around objects in your vision.

Glaucoma is likewise a condition of damage to the optic nerve caused by a variety of possible conditions, the result of which is a build-up of pressure and likely fluid inside the eye, distorting the eye, and creating rainbows around objects amongst other possible symptoms.

Migraines and corneal edema are both linked to increased pressure in the eye resulting in distorted vision including rainbows.
 

Treatment Of Rainbow Vision

There is no treatment for seeing rainbows after a sun shower or playfully fluttering on flag poles, but if the cause of your rainbow vision is something physiological, your eye doctor may recommend a few different avenues of treatment.

If cataracts are deemed the cause of your symptoms, an ophthalmologist may recommend cataract surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one. Beyond surgery, there are eye drops or other medications that can reduce inflammation or pressure in the eye clearing up symptoms like rainbows and headaches, or laser surgery may be recommended to treat glaucoma or other eye conditions.

Ultimately, if the rainbows you’re seeing are radiating around most of the objects in your vision, it’s time to contact your eye doctor for an exam, otherwise, enjoy the transient summer days and occasional rainbows until it’s time to hibernate again for winter.

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Smartphone Vision Accessibility

How smart would your smartphone really be if only people with 20/20 vision could use it? Turns out, the designers of the most ubiquitous smartphone technologies out there, the Android and Apple iPhone, thought a smartphone like that wouldn’t be very smart at all. From its inception, the smartphone has always had accessibility built right into the system itself. 

Mobile accessibility, refers to any established set of features designed to improve a technology’s functionality for people with various types and degrees of disability. Simply having the option to increase the volume on your smartphone, or nearly any telephone for that matter, is an accessibility feature allowing people with some degree of hearing loss to better make use of their phone by TURNING UP THE VOLUME!

The smartphones of today are very vision oriented, and while the trend to make the smartphone ever smaller has seemed to ease up in favor of slightly larger, more advanced display screens (that is, at least for now…), even the larger, most vivid displays can present challenges for anyone with low vision or some degree of vision loss.
 

Smartphone Vision Accessibility

Like most smartphones nowadays, the iPhone has a host of vision accessibility features all found on the ACCESSIBILITY menu found after clicking SETTINGS.
 

Voice Over

Voice Over is a screen reader that describes what’s happening on your device so you can navigate by listening and performing gestures. Voice Over’s speaking rate and pitch can be adjusted to fit your needs.
 

Typing Feedback

When you turn on Typing Feedback, your device speaks letters and words as you type, and speaks auto-corrections and capitalizations as they appear.
 

Audio Descriptions

While watching movies on your iPhone or iPad you can turn on audio descriptions to have scenes described to you.
 

Magnifier

Magnifier can turn your smartphone a magnifying glass so you can zoom in on objects near you.
 

Display And Text Size

You can adjust your Display and Text Size features, like Invert Colors, to change the way content appears on your display. You can also adjust the font size, color intensity, and tint to make reading easier.
 

Zoom

You can adjust Zoom settings to magnify your screen no matter what you’re doing. You can magnify the entire screen (Full-Screen Zoom) or magnify only part of the screen with a resizable lens (Window Zoom).
 

Reduce Motion:

If you have sensitivity to motion effects or screen movement on your iPhone or iPad, you can use Reduce Motion to turn off these effects.

(https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT210076)

Some or all of these accessibility features are available on iPhones, iPads, Android phones, and most likely any device you’re using.
 

Hello, Google! Your Personal Virtual Assistant

Apple’s Siri, Google’s Google Assistant, Microsoft’s Cortana, and Amazon’s Alexa among others have literally changed the game for vision impaired people using smartphones.

A virtual assistant, sometimes referred to as AI – artificial intelligence, is a smartphone feature or application that understands voice commands and completes tasks for a user speaking to it. Virtual assistants are available on most smartphones and tablets, traditional computers, and even standalone devices like the Amazon Echo and Google Home.

Can’t see your phone display very well, just talk to it!

Vision accessibility on your smartphone does not take the place of corrective lenses, eyeglasses, vision enhancement laser eye surgery, or regular visits to your eye doctor. Start by talking to your eye doctor and then using your smartphone in the smartest way possible.

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The Function of Eyelashes

If you could see the world from the standpoint of your eye alone, it might look like the night sky during a meteor shower with a thousand glittering objects of various size and substance flying at you from every conceivable direction and no hands to put up to protect yourself. Instead of shooting stars, though, your eye is staring down a deluge of dust, debris, and diminutive insects like gnats, flies, and mosquitoes.

In such a hostile environment to our very sensitive eyes, evolution has adorned the eye with as clever a defense as possible, the eyelashes.

Eyelashes serve a number of essential functions, not the least of which is protecting your eyes from injury due to dust, debris, insects, and other airborne contaminants. They may not seem so at first flush, but while they are particularly emotive and a charmingly attractive adornment to the eye, these tiny hairs are a wonder of front-line defense.

Eyelashes With Catlike Reflexes

The human eyelash functions in much the same way as a cat’s whiskers alerting your eyes to danger at the slightest touch. If anything, however slight comes into contact with your eyelash, it triggers your eyelid to close immediately to protect your eye.

Your blinking reflex is critical for a number of reasons, but protecting your eye from foreign objects might be foremost among them. As such, the human eye blinks in 0.1 to 0.4 seconds, both when you’re naturally blinking 15 to 20 times per minute, and whenever your eyelashes sound the alarm.

Eyelashes Like Window Blinds

Beyond protecting your eye from airborne assault, your eyelashes also function to reduce airflow and filter sunlight. One of the essential functions of blinking is to moisten the eye.

The tear ducts that provide that moisture provide essential nutrients that maintain your eye health. To keep your eyes from drying out, eyelashes also play a role in reducing airflow that would otherwise dry your eyes faster causing irritation.

Eyelashes aim to keep moisture in and too much air out, but they also prevent too much unwanted moisture from getting in like sweat and rain, and they filter sunlight much like window blinds to protect your eyes from harmful UV rays.

Batting A Thousand – Eyelashes For The Win

However you’re keeping score, eyelashes are always up to bat protecting the eyes from all the little things we otherwise might not be paying close enough attention to.

Trust your eyelashes but also reach out to your eye doctor if you feel your eyes are dry or irritated to the point of discomfort or worse. Protecting your eyes is your eyelashes job, but you can pinch hit when your eyelashes might not by up to the task.

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Got Headaches? Check Your Eyes!

An Aspirin A Day, Or Just Get Your Eyes Checked

If you were to run a couple of miles every day for a week, you might notice your legs are particularly sore come Saturday. You might even notice they’re pretty sore after that first run! You’ve been around the block enough times to know when you’ve worked your leg muscles pretty good, it’s inevitable that they’ll be a little sore. You can stretch your hamstrings and quadriceps to relieve some of the pressure, but unfortunately, not all muscles are as accessible to stretching and relief.

Most of our muscles tighten when strained, and release when relaxed, and they don’t generally lead to chronic, seemingly disparate conditions like frequent headaches; but unlike your hamstrings, if you’re overworking your eye muscles, headaches, sometimes debilitating ones, can be the unfavorable result.
 

Overwork, Or Something Else?

Overworking and straining your eyes could be a result of reading in poor or insufficient light, reading print that is too small and without corrective lenses, continuous exposure to bright light, or simply staring at a computer screen too long. In that case, adjusting your working and reading conditions, or simply taking a break could solve your problem, but if you’re problem persists, you’ll want to make an appointment with your eye doctor.

Anytime your eyes are asked to work harder than they usually would, the strain can result in aching, tired eyes, blurred vision, and headaches. Often times headaches can be an indication that there is something more going on than simply binge-watching Netflix for eight hours straight.
 

What’s Causing Your Headache?

A routine eye exam will be able to identify common eye conditions that may be responsible for persistent headaches, conditions which can be easily exacerbated by the conditions we mentioned earlier: bright or dim lighting, too much time in front of a computer, etc.

These conditions can continue to get worse, causing more headaches and declining vision over time, if left untreated.

  • Astigmatism, in which the cornea is not properly shaped, and requires you to squint in order to focus your vision.
  • Hyperopia, or farsightedness.
  • Myopia, or nearsightedness.
  • Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens has become hard and inflexible with age, making it difficult to focus.
     

Fast Acting, Long-Lasting Relief: Eyeglasses!

First things first, if you’re experiencing frequent headaches, tiredness, aching eyes, or blurred vision, make an eye exam appointment today. If it turns out that your headaches and the strain on your eye muscles are caused by a common eye condition, your optometrist will either recommend contact lenses or eyeglasses to correct your vision and solve your problem.

If you’re already wearing contacts or glasses and you’re still suffering from frequent headaches, it may be time to step up your prescription. Just because you’re already wearing glasses, doesn’t mean your eyes aren’t working harder than they need to. You may be able to see clearly with your current prescription, but you may be asking your eyes to work overtime so you can do so.

Just like you want to wear the right shoes for running, you want to have the right prescription for seeing.

Take care of all your muscles, get your eyes checked regularly, see clearly, and be headache-free…finally!

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Understanding Retinopathy

Retinopathy simply refers to damage to the retina caused by disease. The retina is the layer of tissue and cells at the back of the eye that captures light and transmits that light as images to the brain. Any damage to the retina via injury or disease can and often leads to vision impairment or complete vision loss.

Disease that affects the retina usually impacts the blood vessels in the retina, which results in loss of vision. The most common diseases to cause retinopathy, are hypertension and diabetes.

High Blood Pressure Damages The Retina

Healthy blood pressure is generally considered less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic. The systolic number refers to the pressure when the heart contracts and pushes blood out through the body. This number is measured when the heart beats. The diastolic number is the opposite pressure when the heart relaxes and fills with blood returning from the body, which is measured between heartbeats. 

When the systolic pressure starts to push over 130 and that diastolic pressure over 80, a person starts to experience hypertension.

Hypertension or high blood pressure is usually caused by diets heavy in salts and fats, being overweight, not enough exercise and physical activity, over consumption of tobacco and alcohol, stress, and lack of sleep. High blood pressure can damage blood vessels throughout the body, including the retina where it is called hypertensive retinopathy, damage to the blood vessels in the retina resulting in vision impairment or loss of vision entirely.

Diabetic Retinopathy

The other most common cause of retinopathy is diabetes. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can ultimately cause diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetes often results in hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, which if left untreated or unmanaged can lead to blockages or bulges in the blood vessels in the eye affecting essential blood supply and causing significant vision issues.

Retinopathy Prevention And Treatment

The best way to prevent retinopathy is to address the underlying diseases that cause damage to the retina. Managing and treating both hypertension and diabetes will help prevent damage to the retina and resulting retinopathy.

The next best way to prevent further damage and treat retinopathy is early diagnosis. An ophthalmologist will use both an ophthalmoscope during an exam and pre-screen with a Confocal Fundus Imaging System like the DRS Plus to closely examine the retina and observe for damage.

Blurry vision, double vision, floaters or spots in vision, unresolved eye pain, and decreased peripheral vision can all be early signs of retinopathy, though many patients do not experience significant symptoms before the damage is well established.

Regular comprehensive eye exams are always the most reliable way to prevent and treat any eye issues including retinopathy.

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Nutrients & Diet for Eye Health

At some point in all our lives we’ll hear our doctor say, “You know, you really should be taking a daily multivitamin.” The simple fact is that as people age, they tend to reduce their overall consumption and absorption of necessary vitamins and minerals. In fact, fifty percent of older adults have a vitamin and mineral intake less than the recommended daily intake (RDI), while 10%–30% have subnormal levels of vitamins and minerals¹.

Besides well-known nutrients like vitamin C, calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium, a standard multivitamin will also include thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins B6 and B12, folate, selenium, and zinc.
 

Eye Health Research

In 2001, the National Institute of Health launched the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a major clinical trial designed to learn more about the causes and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts and to evaluate the effect of certain vitamins and minerals on those disease factors.

This study specifically looked at vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc. Results from the study showed that high levels of antioxidants and zinc significantly reduced the risk of advanced AMD and vision loss associated with the disease while showing no significant effect on the development or progression of cataracts.
 

Eye Health Supplements

Researchers with the AREDS study took their findings and created a nutritional supplement called the AREDS Formulation, designed specifically to reduce the risk of developing advanced age-related macular degeneration. The original formulation contains vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper. Vitamins and minerals the study deemed vital and important to overall eye health. Both AREDS and AREDS 2 formulations can be found in various supplements at your local pharmacy.

The broader vitamin and supplement market has also been jumping on the eye health bandwagon including a supplement called Ocuvite from Bausch + Lomb is marketed to “Help Protect Your Eye Health” with ingredients including Vitamins C, E, and D, as well as zinc, copper, Omega-3 fatty acids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin, both marigold flower extracts – two carotenoid nutrients, a type of antioxidant, found in the eye that help strengthen the macula, the part of the eye responsible for shielding and filtering high-energy blue light. 

There are countless other supplements on the market for eye health as well all delivering those same essential vitamins and minerals for both overall physical health, mental acuity, and eye health.
 

The Best Protection For Your Eyes

Far and away the best thing you can do for the health and wellbeing of your eyes is to get annual eye exams at your eye doctor. Protect your eyes from ultraviolet light, get plenty of sleep, eat well for eye health, and again, make sure you see your eye doctor once a year for an annual exam – it’s the best vitamin you can take!

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Screen Time & Eye Sight

The Digital Age is said to have officially begun in the mid-20th century when the world’s largest economies shifted from traditional industries to an economy based on the latest information technology.

The internet as we know it became public in 1993, with desktop computers becoming fairly common later that decade, followed in short time by laptop computers and smartphones. In 2024 it is estimated that 91% of adults in the US own a smartphone, up from 35% in 2011.

Screen Time And Vision Problems

The average screen time in the United States is said to be around 7 hours and 3 minutes per day on internet-connected devices according to the most recent data. Vermont is ranked 42nd out of the 50 states, averaging around 4 hours and 37 minutes.1

Screen time has become so ubiquitous in education, communication, recreation, and entertainment that it is nearly impossible to go without it for some amount of time each day. Even one hour a day in front of a screen can increase chances of developing myopia or nearsightedness, by 21%.As a result, it is expected that nearly half of the world’s population will be nearsighted by 2050.3

Vision and eye related concerns caused by excessive screen time are collectively referred to as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Essentially damage caused by repetitive motion, CVS is not dissimilar to carpal tunnel syndrome, except for the eyes. CVS includes everything from myopia to presbyopia (a decline in the eye’s ability to focus), to dry eye, eye discomfort, and eye strain.

Blue Light And Your Eyes

Blue light is emitted from all handheld electronic devices, desktop and laptop computers, and televisions. It is the shortest and highest energy wavelength of visible light and with overexposure, can cause significant damage to many parts of the eye including the macula, retina, and photoreceptors.

Damage from blue light from smartphones is particularly important because smartphones are often used in dim light, close to the eyes. Unlike ordinary computer vision fatigue, damage from blue light is serious, cumulative, and irreversible, and includes: 4

  • Cell damage in both the inner and outer layers of photoreceptors (rods and cones), and in the retina
  • Damage to the fine capillaries in retina cone photoreceptors
  • Edema, or swelling of the retina
  • Development of cystoid spaces (cysts) further indicates edema
  • Inner blood-retinal barrier damaged

The Evolution Of Sight

It is considered inevitable that the more time humans spend sitting and relatively sedentary in front of computers and smart phone, the more likely those behaviors will affect our evolution as a species.

Studies are ongoing, but it is agreed that children should be reducing their screen time as much as possible to avoid the most prevalent effects. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting children’s total screen time to no more than one to two hours per day. For children younger than 2 years, screen time is discouraged altogether.

Evolution is inevitable, and only time will really tell the effects of our growing addiction to screen time. You are most likely reading this on a screen right now!

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Tired & Blurry… Morning Vision

It is extremely common for adults to wake up in the morning a little achy and stiff, and still a bit tired. The night before might be a little blurry, but why would your vision be blurry after a normal night’s sleep? Turns out, dry eyes and slightly blurry vision in the morning is also a very common experience.

Sleep is a different experience for everyone. Some people sleep on their back, others on their side; some even sleep with their eyes slightly open without even knowing it, a condition called nocturnal lagophtalmos.

While most people sleep with their eyes closed, and their body is lubricating their eyes behind their eyelids throughout the night, it is still possible to wake up with dry eyes or blurry vision, and often with that little collection of “sand” from the Sandman tucked into the corner of your eye.

As you might have guessed, the debris in the corner of your eye isn’t sand, but is actually called rheum, a dried mucus discharged from the cornea or the conjunctiva – the thin, clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye.

While it’s true your eyes are being lubricated behind your eyelids, people do not blink when they are asleep. Blinking, using your tears as a lubricant, washes away that excreted debris. Since you’re not blinking while you’re asleep, the mucus collects and dries in the corner of your eye.

Morning Vision Issues

Dry eyes in the morning can mean you are one of the 20% of people who sleep at least a part of the night with their eyes slightly open. Using eye drops, some even developed specifically to keep your eyes lubricated throughout the night, can help with this condition. Apply eye drops upon waking can also help relieve dryness and itchiness.

Blurred vision at any time of day can be a little disconcerting. Allergens and other irritants in the environment can cause dry, itchy eyes, and/or blurry vision. Air purifiers where you sleep can help reduce irritants in the air and minimize the effects.

Some people may suffer from sleep-induced corneal edema, a minor swelling overnight in the cornea of the eye that causes blurry vision first thing in the morning but generally dissipates as the morning progresses.

Sleeping with contact lenses is often a cause of vision issues in the morning, and if it becomes an ongoing habit, could cause last vision and eye issues.

Wake Up To Find Out That You Are The Eyes Of The World

As with any vision or eye related concern, persistent, unusual, or progressive issues should be brought to your eye doctor immediately.

Dry eyes and blurry vision in the morning could very easily be nothing serious, but it’s always better to get the advice of your doctor just to be sure.

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Miracle Mushrooms

Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of a vast and mysterious kingdom – the fungi – and they hold a world of wonder waiting to be explored. Mushrooms offer a glimpse into a hidden ecosystem with the potential to revolutionise our plates, our health, and even our planet.

The Mushroom Extravaganza

There are the classic button mushrooms we know from retail stores, but also elegant chanterelles with trumpet-like caps, vibrant orange chanterelles, and the impressive lion’s mane, resembling a cascading waterfall of white spines. Some mushrooms are tiny and delicate, while others, like the giant puffball, can reach the size of a beach ball!

Amazing Abilities – Reasons to Love Mushrooms 

From a culinary standpoint, mushrooms offer a treasure trove of benefits:

  1. Flavour Boosters: Mushrooms add a depth of savory richness, known as umami, to countless dishes. They can elevate everything from simple pasta dishes to complex sauces and soups.
  2. Nutritional Powerhouse: Packed with essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, mushrooms offer a low-calorie and fat-free way to boost your diet.
  3. Minerals: They offer essential minerals like potassium, phosphorus, selenium, and copper.
  4. Fiber: They are a good source of dietary fiber, important for gut health and digestion.
  5. Meat Substitute: With their meaty texture, some mushrooms, like portobellos, can be a delicious and satisfying alternative for vegetarians and flexitarians.
  6. Umami Power: Craving a cheese fix? Certain mushrooms, like shiitake, are naturally high in glutamates, the same compound that gives cheese its addictive flavour.
  7. Hidden Source of Vitamin D: Did you know some mushrooms can be a great source of vitamin D? Exposing certain varieties to sunlight before harvesting increases their vitamin D content significantly.
  8. Certain varieties are being studied for their ability to act as adaptogens(helping the body adapt to stress), and for boosting the immune system.

Top contenders for “Nutritional Powerhouse” Mushrooms:

An image

  • Maitake: This feathery-looking mushroom boasts high levels of beta-glucans, a type of fiber with immune-boosting properties.
  • Shiitake: Rich in B vitamins, copper, and selenium, shiitakes are a well-rounded nutritional choice.
  • Oyster: Low in calories and fat-free, oyster mushrooms are a good source of vitamin B12, which can be especially important for vegans and vegetarians.
  • Lion’s Mane: This mushroom is gaining popularity for its potential cognitive benefits and contains beneficial polysaccharides.

Move over portobello burgers, there’s a world of culinary magic waiting to be explored with mushrooms! These unique recipes will have you savouring the unexpected potential of this versatile ingredient.

The next time you see a mushroom, look beyond the pizza topping. These fungi hold a hidden world of potential. From meaty substitutes to immune-boosting properties, they offer a delicious and exciting glimpse into a future filled with possibilities for health, sustainability, and maybe even a tastier meal.

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